Prof. Rup Lal

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HCH Bioremediation

Another major area his group is working on, is the molecular genetics of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degradation by sphingomonads that could eventually lead to the development of a technology for bioremediation of HCH contaminated soils. He has extensively studied the degradation of HCH by Sphingobium indicum (formerly known as Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A). His group has unravelled the physiological and genetic aspects of HCH degradation in B90A and has provided evidence for the stability horizontal transfer of ' lin ' genes (responsible for HCH degradation) among different bacteria. The study has also led to the cloning of genes responsible for the mineralization of α- and γ- isomers of HCH in B90A and dynamics of ' lin ' gene expression. The group is working on deciphering the degradation pathway (hitherto not known) of α- δ- β and ε- HCH. Alongside, his group is attempting bioremediation of HCH contaminated sites by 'bioaugmentation', 'biostimulation' and 'enzymatic bioremediation' approaches..

 

Important Papers

      2024

    • Phian, S., Verma, H., Singh, D.N., Singh, Y., Lal, R. and Dogra, C. 2024. Comparative genomics reveal unique markers to monitor by routine PCR assay bioinoculant of Sphingobium indicum B90A in hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated soils. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 64(3):1266–1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-024-01321-7
    • Kaur, J., Verma, H., Lata, P., Dhingra, G.G., Lal, R. 2024. In silico analysis of the phylogenetic and physiological characteristics of Sphingobium indicum B90A: a hexachlorocyclohexane degrading bacterium. Current Microbiology. 81(8):233.

      • 2021

    • Sharma, M., Singh, D.N., Budhraja, R., Sood, U., Rawat, C.D., Adrian, L., Richnow, H.H., Singh, Y., Negi, R.K. and Lal, R. 2021. Comparative proteomics unravelled the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers specific responses in an archetypical HCH degrading bacterium Sphingobium indicum B90A. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28:41380–41395.
    • Kaur, J., Singh, A., Panda, A.K. and Lal, R. 2021. Protocol for in-vitro purification and refolding of hexachlorocyclohexane degrading enzyme haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from inclusion bodies. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 146:109760.
    • Liu, X., Li, W., Kümmel, S., Merbach, I., Sood, U., Gupta, V., Lal, R. and Richnow, H.H. 2021. Soil from a Hexachlorocyclohexane Contaminated Field Site Inoculates Wheat in a Pot Experiment to Facilitate the Microbial Transformation of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Examined by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology. 55:13812–13821.

      • 2020

    • Liu, X., Wu, L., Kümmel, S., Merbach, I., Lal, R. and Richnow, H.H. 2020. Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Enantiomer Fractionation to Characterize the Transformation of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in a Soil–Wheat Pot System. Environmental Science & Technology. 54:8690–8698.

      • 2019

    • Wu, L., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Bajaj, A., Sharma, M., Lal, R. and Richnow, H.H. 2019. Isotope fractionation approach to characterize the reactive transport processes governing the fate of hexachlorocyclohexanes at a contaminated site in India. Environment International. 132:105036.
    • Liu, Y., Wu, L., Kohli, P., Kumar, R., Stryhanyuk, H., Nijenhuis, I., Lal, R. and Richnow, H.H. 2019. Enantiomer and Carbon Isotope Fractionation of α-Hexachlorocyclohexane by Sphingobium indicum Strain B90A and the Corresponding Enzymes. Environmental Science & Technology. 53:8715–8724.
    • Schilling, I.E., Hess, R., Bolotin, J., Lal, R., Hofstetter, T.B. and Kohler, H.P.E. 2019. Kinetic isotope effects of the enzymatic transformation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane by the lindane dehydrochlorinase variants LinA1 and LinA2. Environmental Science & Technology. 53:2353–2363.
    • Schilling, I.E., Bopp, C.E., Lal, R., Kohler, H.E. and Hofstetter, T.B. 2019. Assessing Aerobic Biotransformation of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology. 53:7419–7431.

      • 2017

    • Singh, A.K., Kohli, P., Mahato, N.K. and Lal, R. 2017. Paracoccus sordidisoli sp. nov., isolated from an agricultural field contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67:4365–4371.
    • Kohli, P., Richnow, H.H. and Lal, R. 2017. Compound Specific Stable Isotope Analysis: Implications in Hexachlorocyclohexane in-vitro and Field Assessment. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 57:11–22.
    • Verma, H., Bajaj, A., Kumar, R., Kaur, J., Anand, S., Nayyar, N., Puri, A., Singh, Y., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2017. Genome Organization of Sphingobium indicum B90A: An Archetypal Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Degrading Genotype. Genome Biology and Evolution. 9:2191–2197.
    • Singh, P., Kumari, R., Nayyar, N. and Lal, R. 2017. Pontibacter aurantiacus sp. nov. isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67:1400–1407.

      • 2016

    • Garg, N., Lata, P., Jit, S., Sangwan, N., Singh, A.K., Dwivedi, V., Niharika, N., Kaur, J., Saxena, A., Dua, A., Nayyar, N., Kohli, P., Geueke, B., Kunz, P., Rentsch, D., Holliger, C., Kohler, H.P., Lal, R. 2016. Laboratory and field scale bioremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated soils by means of bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Biodegradation. 27:179–193.
    • Kohli, P., Nayyar, N., Sharma, A., Singh, A.K. and Lal, R. 2016. Pontibacter virosus sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66:4395–4400.
    • Kohli, P., Nayyar, N., Sharma, A., Singh, A.K. and Lal, R. 2016. Algoriphagus roseus sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66:3558–3565.
    • Negi, V., Singh, Y., Schumann, P. and Lal, R. 2016. Corynebacterium pollutisoli sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soil, India. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66:3531–3537.
    • Nayyar, N. and Lal, R. 2016. Hexachlorocyclohexane contamination and solutions: Brief history and beyond emerging model to study evolution of catabolic genes and pathways. Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegradation. 7:338.
    • Rani, P., Mukherjee, U., Verma, H., Kamra, K. and Lal, R. 2016. Luteimonas tolerans sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated soil, India. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66:1851–1856.
    • Nayyar, N., Kohli, P., Mahato, N.K. and Lal, R. 2016. Pontibacter mucosus sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated pond sediment. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66:2234–2240.

      • 2015

    • Verma, H., Rani, P., Singh, A.K., Kumar, R., Dwivedi, V., Negi, V. and Lal, R. 2015. Sphingopyxis flava sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil, India. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65:3720–3726.
    • Mahato, N.K., Tripathi, C., Nayyar, N., Singh, A.K. and Lal, R. 2015. Pontibacter ummariensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65:1080–1087.
    • Kumar, R., Dwivedi, V., Nayyar, N., Verma, H., Singh, A.K., Rani, P., Rao, D.L.N. and Lal, R. 2015. Parapedobacter indicus sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65:129–134.
    • Sharma, A., Sangwan, N., Negi, V., Kohli, P., Khurana, J.P., Rao, D.L.N. and Lal, R. 2015. Pan-genome dynamics of Pseudomonas gene complements enriched across hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. BMC Genomics. 16:313.
    • Singh, A.K., Garg, N. and Lal, R. 2015. Pontibacter chinhatensis sp. nov., isolated from pond sediment containing discarded hexachlorocyclohexane isomer waste. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65:2248–2254.

      • 2014

    • Verma, H., Kumar, R., Oldach, P., Sangwan, N., Khurana, J.P., Gilbert, J.A. and Lal, R. 2014. Comparative genomic analysis of nine Sphingobium strains: Insights into their evolution and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) degradation pathway. BMC Genomics. 15:1014.
    • Negi, V., Lata, P., Sangwan, N., Gupta, S.K., Das, S., Rao, D.L.N. and Lal, R. 2014. Draft genome sequence of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading Sphingobium lucknowense strain F2T isolated from the HCH dumpsite. Genome Announcements. 2:e00788-14.
    • Singh, A.K., Garg, N., Lata, P., Kumar, R., Negi, V., Vikram, S. and Lal, R. 2014. Pontibacter indicus sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 64:254–259.
    • Sangwan, N., Verma, H., Kumar, R., Negi, V., Lax, S., Khurana, P., Khurana, J.P., Gilbert, J.A. and Lal, R. 2014. Reconstructing an ancestral genotype of two hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Sphingobium species using metagenomic sequence data. ISME Journal. 8:398–408.
    • Sharma, P., Jindal, S., Bala, K., Kumari, K., Niharika, N., Kaur, J., Pandey, G., Pandey, R., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G. and Lal, R. 2014. Functional screening of enzymes and bacteria for the dechlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane by a high-throughput colorimetric assay. Biodegradation. 25:179–187.
    • Pandey, R., Lucent, D., Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Lal, R., Oakeshott, J.G. and Pandey, G. 2014. Kinetic and sequence-structure-function analysis of LinB enzyme variants with β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane. PLoS ONE. 9:e103632.
    • Nayyar, N., Sangwan, N., Kohli, P., Verma, H., Kumar, R., Negi, V., Oldach, P., Mahato, N.K., Gupta, V. and Lal, R. 2014. Hexachlorocyclohexane: persistence, toxicity and decontamination. Reviews on Environmental Health. 29:49–52.

      • 2013

    • Singh, A.K., Garg, N., Sangwan, N., Negi, V., Kumar, R., Vikram, S. and Lal, R. 2013. Pontibacter ramchanderi sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated pond sediment. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:2829–2834.
    • Dua, A., Malhotra, J., Saxena, A., Khan, F. and Lal, R. 2013. Devosia lucknowensis sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated pond soil. Journal of Microbiology. 51:689–694.
    • Gupta, S.K., Lal, D., Lata, P., Sangwan, N., Garg, N., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2013. Changes in the bacterial community and lin genes diversity during biostimulation of indigenous bacterial community of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite soil. Microbiology. 82:234–240.
    • Dwivedi, V., Niharika, N. and Lal, R. 2013. Pontibacter lucknowensis sp. nov. isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:309–313.
    • Jindal, S., Dua, A. and Lal, R. 2013. Sphingopyxis indica sp. nov., isolated from a high dose point hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) contaminated dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:2186–2191.
    • Geueke, B., Miska, M.E., Poiger, T., Rentsch, D., Lal, R., Holliger, C. and Kohler, H.P.E. 2013. Enantioselective dehydrochlorination of δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane and δ-pentachlorocyclohexane by LinA1 and LinA2 from Sphingobium indicum B90A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 79:6180–6183.
    • Lal, D., Jindal, S., Kumari, H., Jit, S., Nigam, A., Sharma, P., Kumari, K. and Lal, R. 2013. Bacterial diversity and Real-time PCR based assessment of linA and linB gene distribution at hexachlorocyclohexane contaminated sites. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 53:1–11.
    • Niharika, N., Sangwan, N., Ahmad, S., Singh, P., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Sphingobium chinhatense strain IP26T isolated from the hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. Genome Announcements. 1:e00680-13.
    • Saxena, A., Nayyar, N., Sangwan, N., Kumari, R., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Genome sequence of Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum LE124T, isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite. Genome Announcements. 1:e00715-13.
    • Singh, A.K., Sangwan, N., Sharma, A., Gupta, V., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Sphingobium quisquiliarum P25T, a novel hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from the HCH dumpsite. Genome Announcements. 1:e00717-13.
    • Mukherjee, U., Kumar, R., Mahato, N.K., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Sphingobium sp. HDIPO4, an avid degrader of hexachlorocyclohexane. Genome Announcements. 1:e00749-13.
    • Kaur, J., Verma, H., Tripathi, C., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of a hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterium, Sphingobium baderi strain LL03T. Genome Announcements. 1:e00751-13.
    • Kumar, R., Dwivedi, V., Negi, V., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Sphingobium lactosutens strain DS20 isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. Genome Announcements. 1:e00753-13.
    • Kohli, P., Dua, A., Sangwan, N., Oldach, P., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2013. Draft genome sequence of Sphingobium ummariense strain RL-3, a hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterium. Genome Announcements. 1:e00956-13.

      • 2012

    • Malhotra, J., Anand, S., Jindal, S., Rajagopal, R. and Lal, R. 2012. Acinetobacter indicus sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62:2883–2890.
    • Niharika, N., Jindal, S., Kaur, J. and Lal, R. 2012. Sphingomonas indica sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62:2997–3002.
    • Niharika, N., Moskalikova, H., Kaur, J., Khan, F., Sedlackova, M., Hampl, A., Damborsky, J., Prokop, Z. and Lal, R. 2012. Sphingobium czechense sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:723–728.
    • Kaur, J., Kaur, J., Niharika, N. and Lal, R. 2012. Sphingomonas laterariae sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62:2891–2896.
    • Bala, K., Geueke, B., Miska, M., Rentsch, D., Poiger, T., Dadhwal, M., Lal, R., Holliger, C. and Kohler, H.P. 2012. Enzymatic conversion of ε-Hexachlorocyclohexane and α-heptachlorocyclohexane isomer, two neglected components of technical hexachlorocyclohexane. Environmental Science & Technology. 46:4051–4058.
    • Kaur, J., Moskalikova, H., Niharika, N., Sedlackova, M., Hampl, A., Damborsky, J., Prokop, Z. and Lal, R. 2012. Sphingobium baderi sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:673–678.
    • Anand, S., Sangwan, N., Lata, P., Kaur, J., Dua, A., Singh, A., Verma, M., Kaur, J., Khurana, J.P., Mathur, S. and Lal, R. 2012. Genome sequence of Sphingobium indicum B90A, a hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterium. Journal of Bacteriology. 194:4471–4472.
    • Sangwan, N., Lata, P., Dwivedi, V., Singh, A., Niharika, N., Kaur, J., Anand, S., Malhotra, J., Jindal, S., Nigam, A., Lal, D., Dua, A., Saxena, A., Garg, N., Verma, M., Kaur, J., Mukherjee, U., Gilbert, J.A., Dowd, S.E., Raman, R., Khurana, P., Khurana, J.P. and Lal, R. 2012. Comparative metagenomic analysis of soil microbial communities across three hexachlorocyclohexane contamination levels. PLoS ONE. 7:e46219.
    • Lal, D., Khan, F., Gupta, S.K., Schumann, P. and Lal, R. 2012. Edaphobacillus lindanitolerans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-contaminated soil. Journal of Basic Microbiology. 53:758–765.
    • Geueke, B., Garg, N., Ghosh, S., Fleischmann, T., Holliger, C., Lal, R. and Kohler, H.P.E. 2012. Metabolomics of HCH transformation: LinA to LinB ratio determines metabolic fate of HCH isomers. Environmental Microbiology. 15:1040–1049.
    • Saxena, A., Anand, S., Dua, A., Sangwan, N., Khan, F. and Lal, R. 2012. Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from HCH dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63:2160–2167.

      • 2011

    • Garg, N., Bala, K. and Lal, R. 2011. Sphingobium lucknowense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from HCH-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62:618–623.
    • Lata, P., Lal, D. and Lal, R. 2011. Flavobacterium ummariense sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 62:2674–2679.
    • Kaur, J., Verma, M. and Lal, R. 2011. Rhizobium rosettiformans sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite in India, and reclassification of Blastobacter aggregatus as Rhizobium aggregatum comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61:1218–1225.
    • Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Tyagi, K. and Lal, R. 2011. Pseudoxanthomonas indica sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61:2107–2111.
    • Sharma, P., Pandey, R., Kumari, K., Pandey, G., Jackson, C.J., Russell, R.J., Oakeshott, J.G. and Lal, R. 2011. Kinetic and sequence-structure-function analysis of known LinA variants with different hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. PLoS ONE. 6:e25128.
    • Jit, S., Dadhwal, M., Kumari, H., Jindal, S., Kaur, J., Lata, P., Niharika, N., Lal, D., Garg, N., Gupta, S.K., Sharma, P., Bala, K., Singh, A., Vijgen, J., Weber, R. and Lal, R. 2011. Evaluation of hexachlorocyclohexane contamination from the last lindane production plant operating in India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 18:586–597.

      • 2010

    • Vijgen, J., Abhilash, P.C., Li, Y.F., Lal, R., Forter, M., Torres, J., Singh, N., Yunus, M., Tian, C., Schäffer, A., and Weber, R. 2010. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) as new Stockholm Convention POPs — A global perspective on the management of lindane and its waste isomers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 18:152–162.
    • Bala, K., Sharma, P. and Lal, R. 2010. Sphingobium quisquiliarum sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from HCH-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60:429–433.
    • Nigam, A., Jit, S. and Lal, R. 2010. Sphingomonas histidinilytica sp. nov. isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dump site. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60:1038–1043.
    • Sharma, P., Verma, M., Bala, K., Nigam, A. and Lal, R. 2010. Sphingopyxis ummariensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dump site. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60:780–784.
    • Brittain, D.R., Pandey, R., Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Pandey, G., Lal, R., Coote, M.L., Oakeshott, J.G. and Jackson, C.J. 2010. Competing SN2 and E2 reaction pathways for hexachlorocyclohexane degradation in the gas phase, solution and enzymes. Chemical Communications. 47:976–988.
    • Lal, R., Pandey, G., Sharma, P., Kumari, K., Malhotra, S., Pandey, R., Raina, V., Kohler, H.P., Holliger, C., Jackson, C., and Oakeshott, J.G. 2010. Biochemistry of microbial degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane and prospects for bioremediation. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74:58–80.
    • Lal, D., Gupta, S.K., Schumann, P. and Lal, R. 2010. Microbacterium lindanitolerans sp. nov., isolated from hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60:2634–2638.

      • 2009

    • Kumari, H., Gupta, S.K., Jindal, S., Katoch, P. and Lal, R. 2009. Sphingobium lactosutens sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane dumpsite and Sphingobium abikonense sp. nov., isolated from oil-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59:2291–2296.
      • Dadhwal, M., Jit, S., Kumari, H. and Lal, R. 2009. Sphingobium chinhatense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from an HCH dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59:3140–3144.
    • Verma, M., Kumar, M., Dadhwal, M., Kaur, J. and Lal, R. 2009. Devosia albogilva sp. nov. and Devosia crocina sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dumpsite. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59:795–799.
    • Dadhwal, M., Singh, A., Prakash, O., Gupta, S.K., Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Jit, S., Verma, M., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2009. Proposal of biostimulation for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) decontamination and characterization of culturable bacterial community from high-dose point HCH-contaminated soils. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 106:381–392.
    • Singh, A. and Lal, R. 2009. Sphingobium ummariense sp. nov., a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-degrading bacterium isolated from HCH-contaminated soil. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 59:162–166.

      • 2008

    • Raina, V., Rentsch, D., Geiger, T., Sharma, P., Buser, H.R., Holliger, C., Lal, R. and Kohler, H.P. 2008. New metabolites in the degradation of α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH): pentachlorocyclohexenes are hydroxylated to cyclohexenols and cyclohexenediols by the haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from Sphingobium indicum B90A. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56:6594–6603.
    • Kumar, M., Verma, M. and Lal, R. 2008. Devosia chinhatensis sp. nov., isolated from a hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dump site in India. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58:861–865.
    • Raina, V., Suar, M., Singh, A., Prakash, O., Dadhwal, M., Gupta, S.K., Dogra, C., Lawlor, K., Lal, S., van der Meer, J.R., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2008. Enhanced biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in contaminated soils via inoculation with Sphingobium indicum B90A. Biodegradation. 19:27–40.
    • Scott, C., Pandey, G., Hartley, C.J., Jackson, C.J., Cheesman, M.J., Taylor, M.C., Pandey, R., Khurana, J.L., Teese, M., Coppin, C.W., Weir, K.M., Jain, R.K., Lal, R., Russell, R.J. and Oakeshott, J.G. 2008. The enzymatic basis for pesticide bioremediation. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 48:65–79.
    • Lal, R., Dadhwal, M., Kumari, K., Sharma, P., Singh, A., Kumari, H., Jit, S., Gupta, S.K., Nigam, A., Lal, D., Verma, M., Kaur, J., Bala, K. and Jindal, S. 2008. Pseudomonas sp. to Sphingobium indicum: a journey of microbial degradation and bioremediation of hexachlorocyclohexane. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 48:3–18.

      • 2007

    • Malhotra, S., Sharma, P., Kumari, H., Singh, A. and Lal, R. 2007. Localization of HCH catabolic genes (lin genes) in Sphingobium indicum B90A. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 47:271–275.
    • Raina, V., Hauser, A., Buser, H.R., Rentsch, D., Sharma, P., Lal, R., Holliger, C., Poiger, T., Müller, M.D. and Kohler, H.P.E. 2007. Hydroxylated metabolites of β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane: bacterial formation, stereochemical configuration, and occurrence in groundwater at a former production site. Environmental Science & Technology. 41:4292–4298.

      • 2006

    • Sharma, P., Raina, V., Kumari, R., Malhotra, S., Dogra, C., Kumari, H., Kohler, H.P., Buser, H.R., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2006. Haloalkane Dehalogenase LinB is responsible for β- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane transformation in Sphingobium indicum B90A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72:5720–5727.
    • Lal, R., Dogra, C., Malhotra, S., Sharma, P. and Pal, R. 2006. Diversity, distribution, and divergence of lin genes in hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading sphingomonads. Trends in Biotechnology. 24:121–130.

      • 2005

    • Pal, R., Bala, S., Dadhwal, M., Kumar, M., Dhingra, G., Prakash, O., Prabagaran, S.R., Shivaji, S., Cullum, J., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2005. Hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading bacterial strains Sphingobium indicum, Sphingobium japonicum, and Sphingobium francense, with reclassification of Sphingobium chungbukense. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 55:1965–1972.
    • Suar, M., Hauser, A., Poiger, T., Buser, H.R., Müller, M.D., Dogra, C., Raina, V., Holliger, C., van der Meer, J.R., Lal, R. and Kohler, H.P.E. 2005. Enantioselective transformation of α-hexachlorocyclohexane by the dehydrochlorinases LinA1 and LinA2 from the soil bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71:8514–8518.

      • 2004

    • Prakash, O., Suar, M., Raina, V., Dogra, C., Pal, R. and Lal, R. 2004. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil and water samples from Delhi and adjoining areas. Current Science. 87:73–77.
    • Dogra, C., Raina, V., Pal, R., Suar, M., Lal, S., Gartemann, K.H., Holliger, C., van der Meer, J.R. and Lal, R. 2004. Organization of lin genes and IS6100 among different strains of hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Sphingomonas paucimobilis: evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Journal of Bacteriology. 186:2225–2235.
    • Suar, M., van der Meer, J.R., Lawlor, K., Holliger, C. and Lal, R. 2004. Dynamics of multiple lin gene expression in Sphingomonas paucimobilis B90A in response to different hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 70:6650–6656.

      • 2001

    • Mishra, V., Lal, R. and Srinivasan. 2001. Enzymes and operons mediating xenobiotic degradation in bacteria. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 27:133–166.

      • 1999

    • Singh, B.K., Kuhad, R.C., Singh, A., Lal, R. and Tripathi, K.K. 1999. Biochemical and molecular basis of pesticide degradation by microorganisms. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 19:197–225.

      • 1998

    • Johri, A.K., Dua, M., Tuteja, D., Saxena, R., Saxena, D.M. and Lal, R. 1998. Degradation of α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes by Sphingomonas paucimobilis. Biotechnology Letters. 20:885–887.

      • 1996

    • Johri, A.K., Dua, M., Tuteja, D., Saxena, R., Saxena, D.M. and Lal, R. 1996. Genetic manipulations of microorganisms for the degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 19:69–84.
    • Kumar, S., Mukerji, K.G. and Lal, R. 1996. Molecular aspects of pesticide degradation by microorganisms. Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 22:1–26.

      • 1989

    • Lal, R., Dhanaraj, P.S. and Rao, V.V. 1989. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in Delhi vegetables. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 42:45–49.

      • 1988

    • Kumar, S., Lal, R. and Bhatnagar, P. 1988. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in two lakes of Jaipur, India. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 42:57–65.

      • 1982

    • Lal, R. and Saxena, D.M. 1982. Accumulation, metabolism, and effects of organochlorine insecticides on microorganisms. Microbiological Reviews. 46:95–127.
    • Lal, R. 1982. Accumulation, metabolism, and effects of organophosphorus insecticides on microorganisms. Advances in Applied Microbiology. 28:149–200.

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